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{"sheet":"NPN","index":0,"n_rows":292,"n_cols":38,"rows_kept":292,"cut":false,"hidden":false,"merged":[[291,1,291,15],[27,1,27,2],[21,11,21,12],[25,1,25,2],[24,11,24,12],[21,1,21,6],[24,1,24,6],[22,11,23,13],[35,12,36,13],[47,1,47,2],[48,1,48,2],[100,1,100,12],[96,1,96,4],[49,1,49,2],[246,1,246,15],[179,1,179,15],[269,1,269,15],[99,1,99,3],[72,1,72,3],[79,1,79,3],[80,1,80,3],[245,12,245,13],[90,13,90,14],[80,12,80,13],[0,16,0,17],[0,21,0,39],[12,27,12,28],[12,31,12,32],[14,27,14,28],[2,16,2,18],[69,32,69,33],[71,37,71,38],[4,16,4,18],[68,27,68,28],[71,24,71,25],[74,31,74,32],[74,35,74,36],[11,10,11,14],[34,16,34,19],[14,16,14,18],[18,16,18,18],[0,1,0,11],[222,12,222,13],[244,12,244,13],[153,1,153,15],[130,1,130,15],[104,13,104,15],[106,1,106,15],[81,1,81,3],[82,1,82,3],[92,1,92,3],[46,1,46,2],[4,12,4,14],[5,12,5,14],[2,12,2,15],[2,1,2,6],[2,7,2,11],[4,1,4,2],[3,16,3,18],[3,1,3,4],[3,10,3,11],[6,10,6,11],[23,1,23,2],[203,1,203,15],[224,1,224,15],[9,1,9,2],[10,1,10,2],[19,1,19,2],[20,7,20,10],[74,27,74,28],[66,27,66,28],[44,24,44,25],[11,1,11,2],[11,16,11,18],[28,22,28,23],[39,27,39,28],[41,27,41,28],[31,16,31,17],[26,1,26,2],[76,27,76,28],[78,31,78,32],[17,37,17,38],[15,32,15,33],[2,26,2,36],[28,26,28,36],[29,24,29,25],[2,22,2,23],[3,24,3,25],[55,22,55,23],[56,24,56,25],[55,26,55,36],[17,24,17,25],[20,27,20,28],[20,31,20,32],[20,35,20,36],[47,27,47,28],[47,31,47,32],[47,35,47,36],[49,27,49,28],[66,31,66,32],[42,32,42,33],[44,37,44,38],[39,31,39,32]]}
[null,"Beregning af en DC Stabiliseret AC BJT NPN forstærker med fælles emitter kobling",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NPN Transistor:",null,{"$f":"+B6","v":"2N2222A"},null,null,"Diagrammerne herunder er med de aktuelle værdier i røde tal"]
[]
[null,"Vælg en NPN transistor og indsæt disse data herunder:",null,null,null,null,null,"VBE 0,6 V til 0,9 V - VE 1 til 2 volt eller 10% af Vcc - RL vælges",null,null,null,null,"Udarbejdet af Jørgen Walter ©",null,null,null,"Værdierne herunder er de aktuelle værdier",null,null,null,"ẞ =",{"$f":"+$C$6","v":205},{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2222A"},null,null,null,"Common Emitter Amplifier"]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Find ẞ = hfe ved en IC på \", J10,G10,\" og VCE på \",J16,E16)","v":"Find ẞ = hfe ved en IC på 5 mA og VCE på 4 V"},null,null,null,"Vcc","RC vælges","VBE volt","VE vælges","RL","Grænse frekvens i Hz ",null,null,null,null,null,"som skifter med indsatte data",null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+F36","v":4.4038435744115887},"Beregnet",null,{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2222A"}]
[null,"Vælg ẞ fra data blad",null,"*Min","*Max"," Volt"," kΩ","Silicium","Volt"," kΩ","Nedre ","Øvre ","www.walter-lystfisker.dk ",null,null,null,"Det var modstandene",null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+'2N2222A'!J45","v":4.4208999999999996},"Default for 2N2222A i simulator program"]
[null,"2N2222A",{"$f":"INT(SQRT(D6*E6))","v":205},205,205,10,1,0.7,1,10,100,30000,"COPYRIGHT © 2014",null,null,null,"R1",{"$f":"+I27","v":31},{"$f":"+J27","v":" kΩ"},null,"Av =",{"$f":"+BC547B!J45","v":2.9064000000000001},"Default for BC547B i simulator program"]
[null,"Common Emitter Amplifier",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"R2",{"$f":"+I24","v":7},{"$f":"+J24","v":" kΩ"}]
[null,"*Ønskes en bestemt ẞ værdi i grøn celle, indsættes denne værdi i Min og Max, som her:",null,null,null,null,null,205,"Iflg. datablad:","50 til 375",null,null,null,null,null,null,"RC",{"$f":"+G6","v":1},{"$f":"+G5","v":" kΩ"}]
[null,"De fire nedenfor stående formler er et udtryk for hvilestrømmen i transistoren uden signal og ingen belastning. Quiescent Point - Q-point",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RE1",{"$f":"+I28","v":199},{"$f":"+J28","v":" Ω"}]
[null,"ICQ = ½*Vcc/Rc =",null,{"$f":"(F6/2)/(G6*1000)","v":5.0000000000000001E-3}," A",{"$f":"D10*1000","v":5}," mA","ICQ = Collector hvilestrøm",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F10,0)","v":5},null,null,null,null,null,null,"RE2",{"$f":"+I73","v":801},{"$f":"+J73","v":" Ω"}]
[null,"IB = ICQ/ẞ =",null,{"$f":"D10/C6","v":2.4390243902439026E-5}," A",{"$f":"D11*1000","v":2.4390243902439025E-2}," mA","IB = Base strøm",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RL",{"$f":"+J6","v":10},{"$f":"+J5","v":" kΩ"}]
[null,"IE = ICQ+IB =",null,{"$f":"D10+D11","v":5.0243902439024392E-3}," A",{"$f":"D12*1000","v":5.024390243902439}," mA","IE = Emitter strøm",null,null,"Disse makro knapper indsætter default værdier",null,null,null,null,null,"Det var afkoblings kondensatorerne"]
[null,"IEs split emitter = VE/(RE1+RE2) =",null,{"$f":"I6/(D28+F73)","v":1E-3}," A",{"$f":"D13*1000","v":1}," mA","IEs = Split Emitter strøm",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C3",{"$f":"+I48","v":80},{"$f":"+J48","v":" uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R6,S6)","v":"31 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R8,S8)","v":"1 kΩ"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C4",{"$f":"+I81","v":20},{"$f":"+J81","v":" uF"}]
[null,"VRC = ICQ * RC =",null,{"$f":"F10*G6","v":5}," V","Spænding over Collectormodstand",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Det var overførings kondensatorerne",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+B6","v":"2N2222A"}]
[null,"VCE = VCC - VE - (RC*ICQ) =",null,{"$f":"F6-I6-(G6*1000*D10)","v":4}," V","Spænding over Collector Emitter",null,null,null,{"$f":"ROUND(D16,0)","v":4},null,null,null,null,null,null,"C1 - C12 - C13",{"$f":"+I93","v":1.68},{"$f":"+J93","v":"  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R17,S17)","v":"0,16  uF"}]
[null,"VE skal vælges =",null,{"$f":"+I6","v":1}," V","normal vil den være mellem 1 volt og 2 volt, eller 10% af Vcc",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C2 - C22 - C23",{"$f":"+I100","v":0.16},{"$f":"+J100","v":"  uF"}]
[null,"Vcc kontrol =",null,{"$f":"SUM(D15:D17)","v":10}," V",{"$f":"IF(D18=F6,\"Korrekt\",\"Fejl\")","v":"Korrekt"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R16,S16)","v":"1,68  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(F6,F5)","v":"10 Volt"}]
[null,"VBE er normal =",null,{"$f":"+H6","v":0.7}," V","for silicium transistorer (Base Emitter spændingen)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Liste for VBE i volt"]
[null,"VB = VE + VBE =",null,{"$f":"I6+H6","v":1.7}," V",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0.1]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"De røde afrundet værdier indsættes i diagrammerne",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0.2,"Germanium",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R7,S7)","v":"7 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R9,S9)","v":"199 Ω"},null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R11,S11)","v":"10 kΩ"}]
[null,"R2 skal beregnes. Normalt skal strømmen gennem R2 være 10 gange IB",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K2 strøm faktor R2",null,10,null,null,0.3,"Germanium"]
[null,"IR2 = K2 * IB =",null,null,null,{"$f":"N22*F11","v":0.24390243902439024},"mA",null,null,null,null,"Andre værdier af strøm faktorer",null,null,null,null,0.4]
[null,"R2 = VB/IR2 =",null,{"$f":"D20/(F23*10^-3)","v":6970},"Ohm",{"$f":"D24/1000","v":6.97},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F24,0)","v":7}," kΩ",null,null,null,null,null,null,0.5]
[null,"R1 skal beregnes. Normalt skal strømmen gennem R1 være 11 gange IB",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K1 strøm faktor R1",null,11,null,null,0.6,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,"IR1 = K1 * IB =",null,null,null,{"$f":"N25*F11","v":0.26829268292682928},"mA",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,0.7,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,"R1 = (Vcc - VB)/IR1 =",null,{"$f":"(F6-D20)/(F26*10^-3)","v":30936.363636363636},"Ω",{"$f":"D27/1000","v":30.936363636363637},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F27,0)","v":31}," kΩ",null,null,null,null,null,null,0.8,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,"RE1 = VE/IE =",null,{"$f":"I6/(F12*10^-3)","v":199.02912621359224},"Ω",{"$f":"D28/1000","v":0.19902912621359223},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(D28,0)","v":199}," Ω",null,null,null,null,null,null,0.9,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,1,null,null,null,"ẞ =",{"$f":"+$C$6","v":205},{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2222A"},null,null,null,"Emitter by-pass kondensator:"]
[null,"Gain = Zud/ZE = (RC//(1/hoe)//RL)/ZE - I tæller har RC størst indflydelse, derefter RL, og *hoe sættes til 10 umhos. I nævner kan ZE antage 3 værdier uden / med kondensator C3 og split emitter",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+F37","v":162.54774174425938},"Beregnet",null,{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2222A"}]
[null,"Zud = RC//(1/hoe) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"+F97","v":0.99009900990099009},"kΩ","se nederst på siden under udgangsimpedans",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+'2N2222A'!J93","v":146.33000000000001},{"$f":"+W5","v":"Default for 2N2222A i simulator program"}]
[null,"ZE uden C3 = (RE1 +  rE)  for ikke afkoblet emitter",null,null,null,{"$f":"D28+F33","v":204.57150343294674},"Ω","rE afhænger af Boltzmanns konstant og temperaturen i Kelvin. Se T.H. overfor ------------------------------------------------->",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"rE = Vt/IE =",null,{"$f":"S37/S44","v":5.5423772193544938},"Ω","Av =",{"$f":"+BC547B!J93","v":103.315},{"$f":"+W6","v":"Default for BC547B i simulator program"}]
[null,"ZE med C3 = rE for afkoblet emitter =",null,null,"Vt/IE =",{"$f":"L33/F12","v":5.5423772193544938},"Ω","rE emitterens indre modstand, som varierer med IE og Vt =",null,null,null,{"$f":"+S37","v":27.847066028951847},"mV","Vt mellem 25 og 30 [ 20°C og 80°C]"]
[null,"ZE uden C3 = (RE1 +  rEE)  for ikke afkoblet emitter",null,null,null,{"$f":"+D28+F35","v":226.87619224254408},"Ω"]
[null,"ZE for split emitter = (RE1 + rEE) =",null,null,"Vt/IEs =",{"$f":"L33/F13","v":27.847066028951847},"Ω",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%27s_constant "]
[null,"Gain (uden C3) = (Zud//RL)/ZE uden C3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"((F31*J6)/(F31+J6))*1000/F32","v":4.4038435744115887},null,"Diagram Fig. 1 Uden kondensator C3"]
[null,"Gain  (med C3) = (Zud//RL)/ZE med C3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"((F31*J6)/(F31+J6))*1000/F33","v":162.54774174425938},null,"Diagram Fig. 2 Med kondensator C4",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vt = k *T / q =  (k/q) *T = KB*T =",null,{"$f":"(S43*S40)*1000","v":27.847066028951847},"[mVolt]"]
[null,"Gain (Split) = (Zud//RL)/ZE uden C3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"((F31*J6)/(F31+J6))*1000/F34","v":3.9708921945312992},null,"Diagram Fig. 3 Split Emitter modstand. Lidt mindre end fig. 1, da rEE er større på grund af at IEs er mindre",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vt = thermal spænding over p-n overgangen i transistoren"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"k = Boltzmanns konstant =",null,"1,3806488*10^-23","[J/K]"]
[null,"Emitter modstanden RE1 i diagrammet Fig. 1 ovenfor har to funktioner. 1. DC negativ feedback for stabil base forspænding (biasing). 2. AC negativ feedback for signalet og spændings",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"T = Kelvin grader",null,{"$f":"S41+S45","v":323.14999999999998},"[K]",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB13","v":"31 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF13","v":"1 kΩ"}]
[null,"forstærkningen (gain). Det medfører en reduktion af forstærkningen på grund af, at der sker en fluktuation i IE strømmen, når AC signalet på indgangen ændre sig.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Temperatur inden i transistoren =",null,50,"[°C]"]
[null,"For at afhjælpe dette problem kan der indføres en kondensator CE (Emitter by-pass kondensator). Se diagrammet i Fig. 2 nedenfor. Kondensatoren har et åbent kredsløb for DC,",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"q = positiv ladning =",null,"1,602176565*10^-19","[Coulomb]",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB15","v":"2N2222A"}]
[null,"men en reaktans XC for AC, som er afhængig af signalet (frekvensen). Reaktansen XC vælges til 1/10 af Emitter modstanden RE1 ved den nedre cut-off frekvens.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"KB Boltzmanns eV konstant = k/q =",null,{"$f":"(1.3806488/10^23)/(1.602167565/10^19)","v":8.6173807918774094E-5},"[eV/K]",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AG16","v":"0,16  uF"}]
[null,"Ved lave frekvenser mister forstærkeren dog nogen Gain. Ønsker du en anden faktor K3 , så tast den her:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K3",10,null,null,"IE = Emitter strømmen",null,{"$f":"+F12","v":5.024390243902439},"[mA]"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"0 K =",null,273.14999999999998,"°C",null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+Y18","v":"1,68  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AL18","v":"10 Volt"}]
[null,"Emitter by-pass kondensator:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NB: q regnes med fortegn. Her plus."]
[null,"XC = RE1/K3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"D28/N44","v":19.902912621359224},"Ω",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kommer af at IE regnes positivt i NPN transistorer."]
[null,"C3 = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*XC =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*F47))*10^6","v":79.965654333976673},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F48,0)","v":80}," uF",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB21","v":"7 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF21","v":"199 Ω"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AJ21","v":"10 kΩ"}]
[null,"XClav = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*K6*F48*10^-6)","v":19.902912621359224},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Ved \",K5,K4,K6)","v":"Ved Nedre Grænse frekvens i Hz 100"}]
[null,"XChøj = 1/(2pi*f3dB høj*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*L6*F48*10^-6)","v":6.6343042071197428E-2},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Ved \",L5,K4,L6)","v":"Ved Øvre Grænse frekvens i Hz 30000"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R13,S13)","v":"80 uF"}]
[]
[null,"Emitter by-pass kondensatoren bevirker en ensartet forstærkning ved spredning af beta værdierne for den enkelte transistor."]
[null,"Træerne vokser som bekendt ikke ind i himlen, så der er også ulemper ved at indsætte en emitter by-pass kondensator."]
[null,"En af de største ulemper er, at ved høje frekvenser bliver kondensatorens reaktans XC så lav, at den simpelt hen kortslutter"]
[null,"emitter by-pass kondensatoren. Ovenfor ses XChøj for den valgte øvre grænsefrekvens. Derfor opdeles emitter modstanden i to."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ẞ =",{"$f":"+$C$6","v":205},{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2222A"},null,null,null,"Split Emitter Modstand:"]
[null,"Split Emitter Modstand:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+F38","v":3.9708921945312992},"Beregnet",null,{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2222A"}]
[null,"Modstanden RE1 i emitter er blevet opdelt i to modstande: RE1 og RE2 som danner en spændingsdeler i",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+'2N2222A'!J69","v":4.0853000000000002},{"$f":"+W31","v":"Default for 2N2222A i simulator program"}]
[null,"emitter kredsløbet med en by-pass kondensator forbundet i parallel over den nederste modstand RE2.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+BC547B!J69","v":2.6338499999999998},{"$f":"+W32","v":"Default for BC547B i simulator program"}]
[]
[null,"Den øverste modstand, RE1 har den samme værdi  som før, men er nu ikke by-passed af kondensatoren C3, hvilket skal tages i betragtning,"]
[null,"når signal parametre beregnes. Den nederste modstand RE2 er forbundet i parallel med kondensatoren C4, som anses for at være nul Ohm ved"]
[null,"beregningen af signalparametre, ved de høje frekvenser. Den virker som en kortslutning ved høje frekvenser."]
[]
[null,"Fordelen er, at vi kan styre AC forstærkerens forstærkning over hele spektret af indgangsfrekvenser. På DC siden bliver den samlede værdi af"]
[null,"emitter modstanden (RE1 + RE2). Mens på AC siden ved højere frekvenser bliver emitter modstand blot: RE1, den samme værdi,"]
[null,"som den havde i den oprindelige ikke by-passed kredsløb, som vist i fig. 1.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB40","v":"31 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF40","v":"1 kΩ"}]
[null,"Hvad skal værdien af modstand RE2 så være. Tja, den vil afhænge af den krævede DC spændings forstærkning ved den nedre frekvens cut-off point."]
[null,"Vi sagde tidligere, at forstærkningen i vores Common Emitter Amplifier kredsløb, som vist ovenfor, var lig med: RC / RE. Men nu bliver DC forstærkningen:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB42","v":"2N2222A"}]
[null,"RC / (RE1 + RE2). Derfor, hvis vi vælger en DC gain på:",null,null,null,{"$f":"+N72","v":1},"beregnes værdien af emitter modstand, RE2 som:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AG43","v":"0,16  uF"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K4"]
[null,"DC Gain = RC / (RE1 + RE2) = K4",null,null," Når RE2 isoleres fås flg.:",null,null,"Ønsker du en anden faktor K4 for DC Gain, så tast den her:",null,null,null,null,"DC Gain",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+Y45","v":"1,68  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AL45","v":"10 Volt"}]
[null,"RE2 = (RC/K4 - RE1) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(G6*1000/N72-D28)","v":800.97087378640776},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F73,0)","v":801}," Ω"]
[]
[null,"Derefter vil DC forstærkningen være:",null,null,{"$f":"+N72","v":1},"med  RE1 =",{"$f":"+I28","v":199},"og  RE2 =",{"$f":"+I73","v":801},"Men bemærk, at AC forstærkningen vil være den samme på:",null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+F36","v":4.4038435744115887},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB48","v":"7 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF48","v":"199 Ω"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AJ48","v":"10 kΩ"}]
[null,"En Split Emitter Amplifier har forstærknings værdier for spænding og input impedans et sted mellem en fuld by-pass emitter forstærker og en ikke by-pass emitter forstærker"]
[null,"afhængigt af operations frekvensen.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R14,S14)","v":"20 uF"}]
[]
[null,"Ny emitter by-pass kondensator:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R10,S10)","v":"801 Ω"}]
[null,"XC2 = RE2/K3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"F73/N44","v":80.097087378640779},"Ω","NB: Den interne modstand rE bliver ikke by-passed af C3"]
[null,"C4 = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*XC =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*F80))*10^6","v":19.870253501169962},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F81,0)","v":20}," uF"]
[null,"XC2lav = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*K6*F81*10^-6)","v":80.097087378640779},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"+I49","v":"Ved Nedre Grænse frekvens i Hz 100"}]
[null,"XC2høj = 1/(2pi*f3dB høj*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*L6*F81*10^-6)","v":0.26699029126213597},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"+I50","v":"Ved Øvre Grænse frekvens i Hz 30000"}]
[]
[null,"Indgangsimpedans"]
[null,"Lad os se på signal overførings kondensatorerne C1, C12 og C13, hvor store skal de være ved \"cut-off\" frekvensen f3dB?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Her \",K6,\" Hz\")","v":"Her 100 Hz"}]
[null,"Indgangsimpedansen bestemmes af komponenterne på indgangen: R1, R2 og hie. Set fra signalgeneratoren ligger modstandene parallelt"]
[]
[null,"Zin = R1//R2 // hie = 1/((1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/hie)) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/((1/D27)+(1/D24)+(1/F90))","v":947.02978722538944},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F89,0)","v":947}," Ω"]
[null,"hvor hie = re * hfe =  (hie iflg. data blad 0,25KΩ til 8kΩ)",null,null,null,{"$f":"F91*C6","v":1136.1873299676713},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F90,0)","v":1136}," Ω"]
[null,"hvor re =",{"$f":"+E33","v":"Vt/IE ="},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"( IE \",J12,G12,\" )\")","v":"( IE  mA )"},null,{"$f":"+L33/F12","v":5.5423772193544938},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F91,2)","v":5.54}," Ω"]
[null,"C1 kigger ind i en impedans på Zin:",null,null,null,{"$f":"+F89","v":947.02978722538944},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F92,0)","v":947}," Ω"]
[null,"C 1= 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*Zin =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*F92))*10^6","v":1.6805695579881172},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F93,2)","v":1.68},"  uF"]
[]
[null,"Udgangsimpedans"]
[null,"Udgangsimpedansen Zud bestemmes af Rc og 1/hoe i parallel (1/hoe er transistorens udgangsimpedans). Uafhængig af belastning og afkoblet emitter eller ej"]
[null,"Zud = RC//(1/hoe) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"G6*F98/(G6+F98)","v":0.99009900990099009},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F97,2)","v":0.99}," kΩ"]
[null,"hvor hoe =",10,"umhos","eller",{"$f":"(1/C98)*10^3","v":100},"kΩ"]
[null,"C2 kigger ind i RL som er belastningen XC2 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"+J6","v":10},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"(ROUND(F99,0))*1000","v":10000}," Ω"]
[null,"C2 = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*XC2 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*I99))*10^6","v":0.15915494309189532},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F100,2)","v":0.16},"  uF"]
[null,"Find nærmeste standard værdier for C1, C2, C3 og C4. Vælg gerne højere værdier frem for lavere værdier"]
[]
[null,"NB: *hoe er transistorens udgangs admittance (ledningsevne) og er i størrelses orden 5 umhos til 200 umhos. Eller omregnet til Ohm 200 kΩ til 5 kΩ . Får derfor minimal betydning i beregningen"]
[]
[null,"walter",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reg. No. 1270"]
[]
[null,"Herunder ses et diagram for alle 3 forstærker med simulations værdier fra mit computer program med default standard værdier"]
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[null,"Herunder ses alle testpunkter: Grøn indgangs signal. Gul udgangs signal 1. Ampl. Blå udgangs signal 2. Ampl. Lilla udgangs dignal 3. Ampl."]
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[null,"Test punkterne A, B, C og D på diagrammet ovenfor"]
[]
[null,"Herunder ses signaler: Input grøn Vpp 2mV - Vout gul Fig. 1 Vpp 8,75 mV - Vout lilla Fig. 3 Vpp 8,15"]
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[null,"Testpunkt A:",null,"Max ampl.",1,"Min ampl.",-1,{"$f":"E175-G175","v":2},"mVpp",{"$f":"H175/(2*SQRT(2))","v":0.70710678118654746},"Vrms"]
[null,"Testpunkt B:",null,"Max ampl.",4.4999000000000002,"Min ampl.",-4.2488000000000001,{"$f":"E176-G176","v":8.7486999999999995},"mVpp",{"$f":"H176/(2*SQRT(2))","v":3.0931325482833736},"Vrms","AV = Vout/Vin =",null,{"$f":"H176/H175","v":4.3743499999999997},{"$f":"J176/J175","v":4.3743499999999997}]
[null,"Testpunkt D:",null,"Max ampl.",4.1978,"Min ampl.",-3.9493,{"$f":"E177-G177","v":8.1471},"mVpp",{"$f":"H177/(2*SQRT(2))","v":2.8804348285024606},"Vrms","AV = Vout/Vin =",null,{"$f":"H177/H175","v":4.07355},{"$f":"J177/J175","v":4.07355}]
[]
[]
[null,"Herunder ses signaler: Input grøn Vpp 2mV - Vout blå Fig. 2 Vpp 307 mV"]
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[null,"Testpunkt B:",null,"Max ampl.",151.88,"Min ampl.",-155.36000000000001,{"$f":"E201-G201","v":307.24},"mVpp",{"$f":"H201/(2*SQRT(2))","v":108.62574372587743},"Vrms","AV = Vout/Vin =",null,{"$f":"H201/H175","v":153.62},{"$f":"J201/J175","v":153.62}]
[]
[]
[null,"Herunder ses frekvens kurven for Ampl. 1 gul kurve.  Viser cut-off frekvens på ca. 90 Hz"]
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[null,"Herunder ses frekvens kurven for Ampl. 3 lilla kurve.  Viser cut-off frekvens på 100 Hz"]
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[null,"Herunder ses frekvens kurven for Ampl. 2 blå kurve.  Viser cut-off frekvens på ca. 400 Hz"]
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[null,"Målepunkterne fra A til O viser strømmen i de 3 kredsløb"]
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[null,"Målepunkterne fra A til O viser strømmen i de 3 kredsløb"]

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[null,"Beregning af en DC Stabiliseret AC BJT PNP forstærker med fælles emitter kobling",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"PNP Transistor:",null,{"$f":"+B6","v":"2N2907A"},null,null,"Diagrammerne herunder er med de aktuelle værdier i røde tal"]
[]
[null,"Vælg en PNP transistor og indsæt disse data herunder:",null,null,null,null,null,"VBE -0,6 V til -0,9 V - VE -1 til -2 volt eller 10% af Vcc - RL vælges",null,null,null,null,"Udarbejdet af Jørgen Walter ©",null,null,null,"Værdierne herunder er de aktuelle værdier",null,null,null,"ẞ =",{"$f":"+$C$6","v":154},{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2907A"},null,null,null,"Common Emitter Amplifier"]
[null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Find ẞ = hfe ved en IC på \", J10,G10,\" og VCE på \",J16,E16)","v":"Find ẞ = hfe ved en IC på -5 mA og VCE på -4 V"},null,null,null,"Vcc","RC vælges","VBE volt","VE vælges","RL","Grænse frekvens i Hz ",null,null,null,null,null,"som skifter med indsatte data",null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+F36","v":4.4109232624173575},"Beregnet",null,{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2907A"}]
[null,"Vælg ẞ fra data blad",null,"*Min","*Max"," Volt"," kΩ","Silicium","Volt"," kΩ","Nedre ","Øvre ","www.walter-lystfisker.dk ",null,null,null,"Det var modstandene",null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+'2N2907A'!J45","v":4.3866500000000004},"Default for 2N2907A i simulator program"]
[null,"2N2907A",{"$f":"INT(SQRT(D6*E6))","v":154},154,154,-10,1,-0.7,-1,10,100,30000,"COPYRIGHT © 2014",null,null,null,"R1",{"$f":"+I27","v":23},{"$f":"+J27","v":" kΩ"},null,"Av =",{"$f":"+BC557B!J45","v":2.9102999999999999},"Default for BC557B i simulator program"]
[null,"Common Emitter Amplifier",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"R2",{"$f":"+I24","v":5.2},{"$f":"+J24","v":" kΩ"}]
[null,"*Ønskes en bestemt ẞ værdi i grøn celle, indsættes denne værdi i Min og Max, som her:",null,null,null,null,null,154,"Iflg. datablad:","100 til 300",null,null,null,null,null,null,"RC",{"$f":"+G6","v":1},{"$f":"+G5","v":" kΩ"}]
[null,"De tre nedenfor stående formler er et udtryk for hvilestrømmen i transistoren uden signal og ingen belastning. Quiescent Point - Q-point",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RE1",{"$f":"+I28","v":199},{"$f":"+J28","v":" Ω"}]
[null,"ICQ = ½*Vcc/Rc =",null,{"$f":"(F6/2)/(G6*1000)","v":-5.0000000000000001E-3}," A",{"$f":"D10*1000","v":-5}," mA","ICQ = Collector hvilestrøm",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F10,0)","v":-5},null,null,null,null,null,null,"RE2",{"$f":"+I73","v":801},{"$f":"+J73","v":" Ω"}]
[null,"IB = ICQ/ẞ =",null,{"$f":"D10/C6","v":-3.2467532467532468E-5}," A",{"$f":"D11*1000","v":-3.2467532467532464E-2}," mA","IB = Base strøm",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"RL",{"$f":"+J6","v":10},{"$f":"+J5","v":" kΩ"}]
[null,"IE=ICQ+IB=",null,{"$f":"D10+D11","v":-5.0324675324675324E-3}," A",{"$f":"D12*1000","v":-5.0324675324675328}," mA","IE = Emitter strøm",null,null,"Disse makro knapper indsætter default værdier",null,null,null,null,null,"Det var afkoblings kondensatorerne"]
[null,"IEs split emitter = VE/(RE1+RE2) =",null,{"$f":"I6/(D28+F73)","v":-1E-3}," A",{"$f":"D13*1000","v":-1}," mA","IEs = Split Emitter strøm",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C3",{"$f":"+I48","v":80},{"$f":"+J48","v":" uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R6,S6)","v":"23 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R8,S8)","v":"1 kΩ"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C4",{"$f":"+I81","v":20},{"$f":"+J81","v":" uF"}]
[null,"VRC = ICQ * RC =",null,{"$f":"F10*G6","v":-5}," V",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Det var overførings kondensatorerne",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+B6","v":"2N2907A"}]
[null,"VCE = VCC - VE - (RC*ICQ) =",null,{"$f":"F6-I6-(G6*1000*D10)","v":-4}," V",null,null,null,null,{"$f":"ROUND(D16,0)","v":-4},null,null,null,null,null,null,"C1 - C12 - C13",{"$f":"+I93","v":2.2400000000000002},{"$f":"+J93","v":"  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R17,S17)","v":"0,16  uF"}]
[null,"VE skal vælges =",null,{"$f":"+I6","v":-1}," V","normal vil den være mellem 1 volt og 2 volt, eller 10% af Vcc",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"C2 - C22 - C23",{"$f":"+I100","v":0.16},{"$f":"+J100","v":"  uF"}]
[null,"Vcc kontrol =",null,{"$f":"SUM(D15:D17)","v":-10}," V",{"$f":"IF(D18=F6,\"Korrekt\",\"Fejl\")","v":"Korrekt"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R16,S16)","v":"2,24  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(F6,F5)","v":"-10 Volt"}]
[null,"VBE er normal =",null,{"$f":"+H6","v":-0.7}," V","for silicium transistorer (Base Emitter spændingen)",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Liste for VBE i volt"]
[null,"VB = VE + VBE =",null,{"$f":"I6+H6","v":-1.7}," V",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,-0.1]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"De røde afrundet værdier indsættes i diagrammerne",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,-0.2,"Germanium",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R7,S7)","v":"5,2 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R9,S9)","v":"199 Ω"},null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R11,S11)","v":"10 kΩ"}]
[null,"R2 skal beregnes. Normalt skal strømmen gennem R2 være 10 gange IB",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K2 strøm faktor R2",null,10,null,null,-0.3,"Germanium"]
[null,"IR2 = K2 * IB =",null,null,null,{"$f":"N22*F11","v":-0.32467532467532467},"mA",null,null,null,null,"Andre værdier af strøm faktorer",null,null,null,null,-0.4]
[null,"R2 = VB/IR2 =",null,{"$f":"D20/(F23*10^-3)","v":5236},"Ohm",{"$f":"D24/1000","v":5.2359999999999998},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F24,1)","v":5.2}," kΩ",null,null,null,null,null,null,-0.5]
[null,"R1 skal beregnes. Normalt skal strømmen gennem R1 være 11 gange IB",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K1 strøm faktor R1",null,11,null,null,-0.6,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,"IR1 = K1 * IB =",null,null,null,{"$f":"N25*F11","v":-0.3571428571428571},"mA",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,-0.7,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,"R1 = (Vcc - VB)/IR1 =",null,{"$f":"(F6-D20)/(F26*10^-3)","v":23240.000000000007},"Ω",{"$f":"D27/1000","v":23.240000000000006},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F27,0)","v":23}," kΩ",null,null,null,null,null,null,-0.8,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,"RE1 = VE/IE =",null,{"$f":"I6/(F12*10^-3)","v":198.70967741935482},"Ω",{"$f":"D28/1000","v":0.19870967741935483},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(D28,0)","v":199}," Ω",null,null,null,null,null,null,-0.9,"Silicium BJT"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,-1,null,null,null,"ẞ =",{"$f":"+$C$6","v":154},{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2907A"},null,null,null,"Emitter by-pass kondensator:"]
[null,"Gain = Zud/ZE = (RC//(1/hoe)//RL)/ZE - I tæller har RC størst indflydelse, derefter RL, og *hoe sættes til 10 umhos. I nævner kan ZE antage 2 værdier uden / med kondensator C3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+F37","v":162.80905604349522},"Beregnet",null,{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2907A"}]
[null,"Zud = RC//(1/hoe) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"+F97","v":0.99009900990099009},"kΩ","se nederst på siden under udgangsimpedans",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+'2N2907A'!$J$93","v":146.19999999999999},{"$f":"+W5","v":"Default for 2N2907A i simulator program"}]
[null,"ZE uden C3 = (RE1 +  rE)  for ikke afkoblet emitter",null,null,null,{"$f":"D28+F33","v":204.24315892704331},"Ω","rE afhænger af Boltzmanns konstant og temperaturen i Kelvin. Se T.H. overfor ------------------------------------------------->",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"rE = Vt/IE =",null,{"$f":"S37/S44","v":5.5334815076884958},"Ω","Av =",{"$f":"+BC557B!$J$93","v":103.325},{"$f":"+W6","v":"Default for BC557B i simulator program"}]
[null,"ZE med C3 = rE for afkoblet emitter =",null,null,"Vt/IE =",{"$f":"L33/F12","v":5.5334815076884958},"Ω","rE emitterens indre modstand, som varierer med IE og Vt =",null,null,null,{"$f":"+S37","v":-27.847066028951847},"mV","Vt mellem 25 og 30 [ 20°C og 80°C]"]
[null,"ZE uden C3 = (RE1 +  rEE)  for ikke afkoblet emitter",null,null,null,{"$f":"+D28+F35","v":226.55674344830666},"Ω"]
[null,"ZE for split emitter = (RE1 + rEE) =",null,null,"Vt/IEs =",{"$f":"L33/F13","v":27.847066028951847},"Ω",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann%27s_constant "]
[null,"Gain (uden C3) = (Zud//RL)/ZE uden C3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"((F31*J6)/(F31+J6))*1000/F32","v":4.4109232624173575},null,"Diagram Fig. 1 Uden kondensator C3"]
[null,"Gain  (med C3) = (Zud//RL)/ZE med C3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"((F31*J6)/(F31+J6))*1000/F33","v":162.80905604349522},null,"Diagram Fig. 2 Med kondensator C4",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vt = k *T / q =  (k/q) *T = KB*T =",null,{"$f":"(S43*S40)*1000","v":-27.847066028951847},"[mVolt]"]
[null,"Gain (Split) = (Zud//RL)/ZE uden C3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"((F31*J6)/(F31+J6))*1000/F34","v":3.9764912188829147},null,"Diagram Fig. 3 Split Emitter modstand. Lidt mindre end fig. 1, da rEE er større på grund af at IEs er mindre",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Vt = thermal spænding over p-n overgangen i transistoren"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"k = Boltzmanns konstant =",null,"1,3806488*10^-23","[J/K]"]
[null,"Emitter modstanden RE1 i diagrammet Fig. 1 ovenfor har to funktioner. 1. DC negativ feedback for stabil base forspænding (biasing). 2. AC negativ feedback for signalet og spændings",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"T = Kelvin grader",null,{"$f":"S41+S45","v":323.14999999999998},"[K]",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB13","v":"23 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF13","v":"1 kΩ"}]
[null,"forstærkningen (gain). Det medfører en reduktion af forstærkningen på grund af, at der sker en fluktuation i IE strømmen, når AC signalet på indgangen ændre sig.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Temperatur inden i transistoren =",null,50,"[°C]"]
[null,"For at afhjælpe dette problem kan der indføres en kondensator CE (Emitter by-pass kondensator). Se diagrammet i Fig. 2 nedenfor. Kondensatoren har et åbent kredsløb for DC,",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"q = negativ ladning =",null,"1,602176565*10^-19","[Coulomb]",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB15","v":"2N2907A"}]
[null,"men en reaktans XC for AC, som er afhængig af signalet (frekvensen). Reaktansen XC vælges til 1/10 af Emitter modstanden RE1 ved den nedre cut-off frekvens.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"KB Boltzmanns eV konstant = k/q =",null,{"$f":"(1.3806488/10^23)/((1.602167565/10^19))*-1","v":-8.6173807918774094E-5},"[eV/K]",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AG16","v":"0,16  uF"}]
[null,"Ved lave frekvenser mister forstærkeren dog nogen Gain. Ønsker du en anden faktor K3 , så tast den her:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K3",10,null,null,"IE = Emitter strømmen",null,{"$f":"+F12","v":-5.0324675324675328},"[mA]"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"0 K =",null,273.14999999999998,"°C",null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+Y18","v":"2,24  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AL18","v":"-10 Volt"}]
[null,"Emitter by-pass kondensator:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"NB: q regnes med fortegn. Her minus."]
[null,"XC = RE1/K3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"D28/N44","v":19.87096774193548},"Ω",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Kommer af at IE regnes negativ i PNP transistorer."]
[null,"C3 = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*XC =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*F47))*10^6","v":80.094208374168119},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F48,0)","v":80}," uF",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB21","v":"5,2 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF21","v":"199 Ω"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AJ21","v":"10 kΩ"}]
[null,"XClav = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*K6*F48*10^-6)","v":19.870967741935484},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Ved \",K5,K4,K6)","v":"Ved Nedre Grænse frekvens i Hz 100"}]
[null,"XChøj = 1/(2pi*f3dB høj*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*L6*F48*10^-6)","v":6.6236559139784948E-2},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Ved \",L5,K4,L6)","v":"Ved Øvre Grænse frekvens i Hz 30000"}]
[]
[null,"Emitter by-pass kondensatoren bevirker en ensartet forstærkning ved spredning af beta værdierne for den enkelte transistor.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R13,S13)","v":"80 uF"}]
[null,"Træerne vokser som bekendt ikke ind i himlen, så der er også ulemper ved at indsætte en emitter by-pass kondensator."]
[null,"En af de største ulemper er, at ved høje frekvenser bliver kondensatorens reaktans XC så lav, at den simpelt hen kortslutter"]
[null,"emitter by-pass kondensatoren. Ovenfor ses XChøj for den valgte øvre grænsefrekvens. Derfor opdeles emitter modstanden i to."]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"ẞ =",{"$f":"+$C$6","v":154},{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2907A"},null,null,null,"Split Emitter Modstand:"]
[null,"Split Emitter Modstand:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+F38","v":3.9764912188829147},"Beregnet",null,{"$f":"+$S$1","v":"2N2907A"}]
[null,"Modstanden RE1 i emitter er blevet opdelt i to modstande: RE1 og RE2 som danner en spændingsdeler i",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+'2N2907A'!$J$69","v":4.0782499999999997},{"$f":"+W31","v":"Default for 2N2907A i simulator program"}]
[null,"emitter kredsløbet med en by-pass kondensator forbundet i parallel over den nederste modstand RE2.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Av =",{"$f":"+BC557B!$J$69","v":2.6356000000000002},{"$f":"+W32","v":"Default for BC557B i simulator program"}]
[]
[null,"Den øverste modstand, RE1 har den samme værdi  som før, men er nu ikke by-passed af kondensatoren C3, hvilket skal tages i betragtning,"]
[null,"når signal parametre beregnes. Den nederste modstand RE2 er forbundet i parallel med kondensatoren C4, som anses for at være nul Ohm ved"]
[null,"beregningen af signalparametre, ved de høje frekvenser. Den virker som en kortslutning ved høje frekvenser."]
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[null,"Fordelen er, at vi kan styre AC forstærkerens forstærkning over hele spektret af indgangsfrekvenser. På DC siden bliver den samlede værdi af"]
[null,"emitter modstanden (RE1 + RE2). Mens på AC siden ved højere frekvenser bliver emitter modstand blot: RE1, den samme værdi,"]
[null,"som den havde i den oprindelige ikke by-passed kredsløb, som vist i fig. 1.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB40","v":"23 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF40","v":"1 kΩ"}]
[null,"Hvad skal værdien af modstand RE2 så være. Tja, den vil afhænge af den krævede DC spændings forstærkning ved den nedre frekvens cut-off point."]
[null,"Vi sagde tidligere, at forstærkningen i vores Common Emitter Amplifier kredsløb, som vist ovenfor, var lig med: RC / RE. Men nu bliver DC forstærkningen:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB42","v":"2N2907A"}]
[null,"RC / (RE1 + RE2). Derfor, hvis vi vælger en DC gain på:",null,null,null,{"$f":"+N72","v":1},"beregnes værdien af emitter modstand, RE2 som:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AG43","v":"0,16  uF"}]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"K4"]
[null,"DC Gain = RC / (RE1 + RE2) = K4",null,null," Når RE2 isoleres fås flg.:",null,null,"Ønsker du en anden faktor K4 for DC Gain, så tast den her:",null,null,null,null,"DC Gain",1,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+Y45","v":"2,24  uF"},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AL45","v":"-10 Volt"}]
[null,"RE2 = (RC/K4 - RE1) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(G6*1000/N72-D28)","v":801.29032258064512},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F73,0)","v":801}," Ω"]
[]
[null,"Derefter vil DC forstærkningen være:",null,null,{"$f":"+N72","v":1},"med  RE1 =",{"$f":"+I28","v":199},"og  RE2 =",{"$f":"+I73","v":801},"Men bemærk, at AC forstærkningen vil være den samme på:",null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+F36","v":4.4109232624173575},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"+AB48","v":"5,2 kΩ"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AF48","v":"199 Ω"},null,null,null,{"$f":"+AJ48","v":"10 kΩ"}]
[null,"En Split Emitter Amplifier har forstærknings værdier for spænding og input impedans et sted mellem en fuld by-pass emitter forstærker og en ikke by-pass emitter forstærker"]
[null,"afhængigt af operations frekvensen.",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R14,S14)","v":"20 uF"}]
[]
[null,"Ny emitter by-pass kondensator:",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(R10,S10)","v":"801 Ω"}]
[null,"XC2 = RE2/K3 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"F73/N44","v":80.129032258064512},"Ω","NB: Den interne modstand rE bliver ikke by-passed af C3"]
[null,"C4 = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*XC =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*F80))*10^6","v":19.862331867346036},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F81,0)","v":20}," uF"]
[null,"XC2lav = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*K6*F81*10^-6)","v":80.129032258064527},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"+I49","v":"Ved Nedre Grænse frekvens i Hz 100"}]
[null,"XC2høj = 1/(2pi*f3dB høj*CE =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/(2*PI()*L6*F81*10^-6)","v":0.26709677419354838},"Ω","f3dB",{"$f":"+I50","v":"Ved Øvre Grænse frekvens i Hz 30000"}]
[]
[null,"Indgangsimpedans"]
[null,"Lad os se på signal overførings kondensatorerne C1, C12 og C13, hvor store skal de være ved \"cut-off\" frekvensen f3dB?",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"Her \",K6,\" Hz\")","v":"Her 100 Hz"}]
[null,"Indgangsimpedansen bestemmes af komponenterne på indgangen: R1, R2 og hie. Set fra signalgeneratoren ligger modstandene parallelt"]
[]
[null,"Zin = R1//R2 // hie = 1/((1/R1)+(1/R2)+(1/hie)) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"1/((1/D27)+(1/D24)+(1/F90))","v":710.47523741148643},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F89,0)","v":710}," Ω"]
[null,"hvor hie = re * hfe =  (hie iflg. data blad 0,25KΩ til 8kΩ)",null,null,null,{"$f":"F91*C6","v":852.15615218402831},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F90,0)","v":852}," Ω"]
[null,"hvor re =",{"$f":"+E33","v":"Vt/IE ="},{"$f":"CONCATENATE(\"( IE \",J12,G12,\" )\")","v":"( IE  mA )"},null,{"$f":"+L33/F12","v":5.5334815076884958},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F91,2)","v":5.53}," Ω"]
[null,"C1 kigger ind i en impedans på Zin:",null,null,null,{"$f":"+F89","v":710.47523741148643},"Ω",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F92,0)","v":710}," Ω"]
[null,"C 1= 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*Zin =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*F92))*10^6","v":2.2401194962368187},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F93,2)","v":2.2400000000000002},"  uF"]
[]
[null,"Udgangsimpedans"]
[null,"Udgangsimpedansen Zud bestemmes af Rc og 1/hoe i parallel (1/hoe er transistorens udgangsimpedans). Uafhængig af belastning og afkoblet emitter eller ej"]
[null,"Zud = RC//(1/hoe) =",null,null,null,{"$f":"G6*F98/(G6+F98)","v":0.99009900990099009},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F97,2)","v":0.99}," kΩ"]
[null,"hvor hoe =",10,"umhos","eller",{"$f":"(1/C98)*10^3","v":100},"kΩ"]
[null,"C2 kigger ind i RL som er belastningen XC2 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"+J6","v":10},"kΩ",null,{"$f":"(ROUND(F99,0))*1000","v":10000}," Ω"]
[null,"C2 = 1/(2pi*f3dB lav*XC2 =",null,null,null,{"$f":"(1/(2*PI()*K6*I99))*10^6","v":0.15915494309189532},"uF",null,{"$f":"ROUND(F100,2)","v":0.16},"  uF"]
[null,"Find nærmeste standard værdier for C1, C2, C3 og C4. Vælg gerne højere værdier frem for lavere værdier"]
[]
[null,"NB: *hoe er transistorens udgangs admittance (ledningsevne) og er i størrelses orden 5 umhos til 200 umhos. Eller omregnet til Ohm 200 kΩ til 5 kΩ . Får derfor minimal betydning i beregningen"]
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[null,"walter",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Reg. No. 1270"]
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[null,"Herunder ses et diagram for alle 3 forstærker med simulations værdier fra mit computer program med default standard værdier"]
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[null,"Herunder ses alle testpunkter: Grøn indgangs signal. Gul udgangs signal 1. Ampl. Blå udgangs signal 2. Ampl. Lilla udgangs dignal 3. Ampl."]
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[null,"Test punkterne A, B, C og D på diagrammet ovenfor"]
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[null,"Herunder ses signaler: Input grøn Vpp 2mV - Vout gul Fig. 1 Vpp 8,77 mV - Vout lilla Fig. 3 Vpp 8,16"]
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[null,"Testpunkt A:",null,"Max ampl.",1,"Min ampl.",-1,{"$f":"E175-G175","v":2},"mVpp",{"$f":"H175/(2*SQRT(2))","v":0.70710678118654746},"Vrms"]
[null,"Testpunkt B:",null,"Max ampl.",4.5336999999999996,"Min ampl.",-4.2385999999999999,{"$f":"E176-G176","v":8.7722999999999995},"mVpp",{"$f":"H176/(2*SQRT(2))","v":3.1014764083013748},"Vrms","AV = Vout/Vin =",null,{"$f":"H176/H175","v":4.3861499999999998},{"$f":"J176/J175","v":4.3861499999999998}]
[null,"Testpunkt D:",null,"Max ampl.",4.2233000000000001,"Min ampl.",-3.9424000000000001,{"$f":"E177-G177","v":8.1657000000000011},"mVpp",{"$f":"H177/(2*SQRT(2))","v":2.8870109215674957},"Vrms","AV = Vout/Vin =",null,{"$f":"H177/H175","v":4.0828500000000005},{"$f":"J177/J175","v":4.0828500000000005}]
[]
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[null,"Herunder ses signaler: Input grøn Vpp 2mV - Vout blå Fig. 2 Vpp 294 mV"]
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[null,"Testpunkt B:",null,"Max ampl.",147.04,"Min ampl.",-147.05000000000001,{"$f":"E201-G201","v":294.09000000000003},"mVpp",{"$f":"H201/(2*SQRT(2))","v":103.97651663957589},"Vrms","AV = Vout/Vin =",null,{"$f":"H201/H175","v":147.04500000000002},{"$f":"J201/J175","v":147.04500000000002}]
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[null,"Herunder ses frekvens kurven for Ampl. 1 gul kurve.  Viser cut-off frekvens på ca. 90 Hz"]
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[null,"Herunder ses frekvens kurven for Ampl. 3 lilla kurve.  Viser cut-off frekvens på 110 Hz"]
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[null,"Herunder ses frekvens kurven for Ampl. 2 blå kurve.  Viser cut-off frekvens på ca. 400 Hz"]
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[null,"Målepunkterne fra A til O viser strømmen i de 3 kredsløb"]
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[null,"Målepunkterne fra A til O viser strømmen i de 3 kredsløb"]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1"]
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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",90,"Hz"]
[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",22,"MHz"]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",8.8417999999999992,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F45/C45","v":4.4208999999999996},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lillal kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",100,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lilla kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",29,"MHz"]
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[]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",8.1706000000000003,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F69/C69","v":4.0853000000000002},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",450,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",17,"MHz"]
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[null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",292.66000000000003,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F93/C93","v":146.33000000000001}]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1"]
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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",5,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",62,"MHz"]
[]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",5.8128000000000002,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F45/C45","v":2.9064000000000001},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lillal kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",8,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lilla kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",80,"MHz"]
[]
[]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",5.2676999999999996,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F69/C69","v":2.6338499999999998},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",45,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",42,"MHz"]
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[null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",206.63,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F93/C93","v":103.315}]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1"]
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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",90,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",16,"MHz"]
[]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",8.7733000000000008,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F45/C45","v":4.3866500000000004},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lillal kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",100,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lilla kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",20,"MHz"]
[]
[]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",8.1564999999999994,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F69/C69","v":4.0782499999999997},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",375,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",11,"MHz"]
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[null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",292.39999999999998,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F93/C93","v":146.19999999999999}]

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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.1"]
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[null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",5,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 1 Gul kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",39,"MHz"]
[]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.1",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.3"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",5.8205999999999998,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F45/C45","v":2.9102999999999999},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lillal kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",8,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 3 Lilla kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",47,"MHz"]
[]
[]
[null,"Herunder diagram fig.3",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",5.2712000000000003,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F69/C69","v":2.6356000000000002},null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve nedre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",45,"Hz",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"Fig. 2 Blå kurve øvre grænsefrekvens ",null,null,null,"f3dB =",25,"MHz"]
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[null,"Herunder diagram fig.2"]
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[null,"Vin =",2,"mVpp","Vout =",206.65,"mVpp","Av =","Vout/Vin",{"$f":"F93/C93","v":103.325}]

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[null,"Se også disse to web site for mere info om Q-Point"]
[null,"http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/transistor/tran_2.html ",null,null,null,null,null,null,null,null,"http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/loadline.html#c2 "]